Embedded

Embedded development is one of the areas where Rust really shines. The ability to use zero-cost abstractions to write idiomatic code, that still compiles down to tiny executables that run on underpowered microcontrollers makes for a pleasant development experience. The ecosystem’s ability to abstract hardware makes it possible to easily retarget firmware for different microcontrollers, something which is usually not as easy when writing in C.

Embassy

Embassy is one of those projects that makes writing embedded code feel like magic. It is a framework for building firmware for a variety of mostly ARM-based microcontrollers.

What makes embassy special is that it supports Async. The async programming model maps very well to embedded systems: often times, there are many simultaneous pieces of code waiting for various events to happen, for example button presses, timers firing, or data coming in from various ports.

If you were to write firmware manually, you would have the choice of manually programming timers, writing interrupt handlers and building a giant, complicated mess, or you would have the choice of using a real-time operating system which comes with it’s own headaches.

Embassy lets you write readable and portable code and avoid all of the details on how to program the hardware in a way to do what you want. For example, a loop that toggles an LED connected to a pin every 150 milliseconds looks like this:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
#[embassy_executor::task]
async fn blink(pin: AnyPin) {
    let mut led = Output::new(pin, Level::Low, OutputDrive::Standard);

    loop {
        // Timekeeping is globally available, no need to mess with hardware timers.
        led.set_high();
        Timer::after_millis(150).await;
        led.set_low();
        Timer::after_millis(150).await;
    }
}
}

You don’t have to be a seasoned firmware developer to understand how this works, it reads like regular, blocking code. But behind the scenes, the executor programs a timer that the microcontroller has, and registers an interrupt handle that when it fires will resume the future.

Embedded HAL

Embedded HAL is the Rust project’s attempt at building useful abstractions over several microcontrollers, such that you can write code (drivers, firmware) that are generic over the underlying hardware.

If Embassy is Tokio, then Embedded HAL is the standard library. It is simple, it works well. It does not support async, so if you want the microcontroller to do multiple things at the same time, you have to handle it yourself. But at the same time, it supports a wider variety of targets.

It is even possible to mix Embedded HAL and Embassy to some extent.

RTIC: Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency

RTIC

Tock

Tock is an operating system for microcontrollers that is written in Rust and focusses on running mutually untrusted applications.

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